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Contents |
[edit] Proof of concept
I need this sample text, so I can visualise this functionality properly.
[edit] Prevention
[edit] Links between lifestyle and bowel cancer
Bowel cancer is increasingly linked to lifestyle; in recent decades, there has been considerable interest in identifying modifiable risk factors.
Research into preventable risk factors for bowel cancer has focused mainly on:
- diet (including nutritional supplements);
- body weight and lifestyle factors such as physical activity;
- online writing
- smoking; and
- intake of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs #ACNetal2005.
A comprehensive overview of diet and cancer, published in 1997, estimated that changes in diet and physical activity could reduce the incidence of bowel cancer by 66% to 75%
- WCRFetal1997 (See position statements on alcohol, nutrition, obesity and physical activity for more information.)
Obesity, particularly “central obesity” (around the waist), is a risk factor for bowel cancer and adenomas, independent of other factors missing reference(IARC Working Group 2002; MacInnis et al 2004).
A number of studies have also shown that smoking is a risk factor for bowel cancer and precancerous adenomas #Kuneetal1992; Chaoetal200 #Giovannucci2001 #Limburgetal2003 #Andersonetal2003. A report from the Cancer Prevention Study II estimated that, in the US, approximately 12% of deaths from bowel cancer among both men and women were attributable to smoking #Chaoetal2000.
A review released by IARC in 2007 has confirmed that alcohol is also a risk factor for bowel cancer #IARC2007.
[edit] Aspirin
Aspirin has been shown to potentially prevent bowel cancer #Sandleretal2003 #Benamouzigetal2003 #Chanetal2005; however, there is the risk of adverse affects. Findings from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Women’s Health Study indicate that the benefit is not evident until after more than a decade of regular aspirin consumption #Chanetal2005 #Cooketal2005. Adverse effects of aspirin include acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding #Weiletal1995. After reviewing research into the effects of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Cancer Council Australia’s Australian Cancer Network stated that “it is reasonable to consider aspirin as prophylaxis in adenoma bearers” but that “aspirin has not had broad scientific approval for use as a colorectal tumour chemo-preventive in individuals at average risk, because of uncertainties about the optimal dosage and duration of use, and adverse effects” #ACNetal2005.
